This post will be the first of a series of discussions on a wide range of philosophical issues. What I wish to address today is the problem of free will. I’ll try to make it as short and sweet as possible.
THE PROBLEM:
Four differing views exist
1. That man is free to some extent and that an individual is ultimately responsible for his choices and these choices determine his life. This is the existentialist view.
2. That freedom is meaningless and that all events in the universe are predetermined. A person does what fate destined him to do. Choice and free will are an illusion arising from the complexity of the brain. There exists only a single past and a single possible future. This view is known as neo-fatalism.
3. That all events are not predetermined because the uncertainty principle in physics introduces randomness into the universe. Thus multiple possible futures exist but only one future is fulfilled and the particular path of future taken can change at any instant. However, freedom is still meaningless as the individual is not in control of the randomness. I don’t have a name for this view but I have reason to believe that this is the view held by most contemporary physicists.
4. Finally, the multiverse/many-worlds view that says that every time the universe encounters an event with a random outcome, the universe splits it into as many parallel universes as there are possible outcomes and each universe exists independent of every other. Freedom is still elusive here as the choice of which universe we are conscious in does not rest with the individual. This view is considered as wild and speculative.
In this post, I will proceed to refute view 1 and conclude that freedom is meaningless in the universe as we know it.
Whenever we make a conscious choice, a number of factors influence this choice (genes, upbringing, experiences, environment, etc.). But freedom of will means that even with the presence of all these factors, a person has the capacity to go against them, the driving forces, and express his choice (the freedom to do otherwise). Thus, this would require that the person makes a choice which is ultimately influenced by nothing. There is no driving force, factor or cause that led to the person’s choice.
The person’s choice is an effect.
All effects must have causes.
The choice was caused by nothing and has no cause.
Contradiction!
Thus, the assumption that the choice was uninfluenced is incorrect. This implies that the choice is not a free one. In fact, free will as a concept is meaningless as is shown above.
One may argue that free will does not mean absolute lack of influence of factors but that the previous choices of the person are what ultimately decide the present choice. This would imply that all the choices made by a person are ultimately factored by the first choice that the person made whenever or whatever it was. We would then be left with the problem of determining what influenced the first choice, and if we assume freedom of will for this choice, we would end up with the same contradiction.
This conclusively refutes view 1 and the concept of free will.
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